THE PHENOMENON OF INTERNAL MIGRATION AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVOROSSIYA

THE PHENOMENON OF INTERNAL MIGRATION AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVOROSSIYA

Aleksei Setin

Senior Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Sociology and History Russian University of Transport (MIIT),

Russia, Moscow

ФЕНОМЕН ВНУТРЕННЕЙ МИГРАЦИИ И ЕГО РОЛЬ В ОСВОЕНИИ НОВОРОССИИ

Сетин Алексей Николаевич

старший преподаватель кафедры Философия, социология и история, Российский университет транспорта (МИИТ),

РФ, г. Москва

ABSTRACT

The territory of Novorossia, which initially could not be easily settled due to the constant Turkish-Tatar raids, after the construction of fortification lines and security from invaders from outside, was not settled due to the active resettlement policy of the tsarism. Huge areas of land were granted to landowners who simply were not able to settle and develop these lands, and only thanks to the unauthorized resettlement movement, this region was reclaimed and settled.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Территория Новороссии, которая изначально не могла спокойно заселяться из-за постоянных турецко-татарских набегов, после возведения укрепительных линий и обеспечения безопасности от захватчиков извне не заселялась из-за активной переселенческой политики царизма. Огромные земельные просторы были дарованы помещикам, которые просто не были в состоянии заселить и освоить эти земли и лишь благодаря самовольному переселенческому движению этот край был освоен и заселен.

Keywords: Novorossiya, state colonization, landowner, landlord landholdings, Turkish-Tatar raids, migrant, state peasants, serfs, fortification lines.

Ключевые слова: Новороссия, государственная колонизация, помещик, помещичьи землевладения, турецко-татарские набеги, переселенец, государственные крестьяне, крепостные крестьяне, укрепительные линии.

The peaceful colonization of Novorossiya dates back to the second half of the 18th century. Until that moment, due to the constant Turkish-Tatar raids, the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks - the first pioneer colonists of the Novorossiysk Territory had to settle on the Dnieper Islands, forming their chasms - "small cities fenced in by a front garden" [4]. Perhaps, if the Turkish-Tatar threat did not exist, Novorossiya would have been populated faster than it actually was.

It took more than two centuries for the peaceful colonization of Novorossia to take its start. By the 18th century, the main territory of Novorossiya with its external and internal borders was formed, after the annexation of the Crimea and the coasts of the Azov and Black Seas to the Russian Empire. By erecting fortification lines and building fortresses, the government thereby strengthened its position in the border regions of the state. All these actions provided the beginning for the governmental and popular colonization of the new Russian land.

In the 20s of the 18th century, a small flow of brave Ukrainian settlers began to be observed, who mainly settled in the northernmost parts of the immense Novorossia, far from the borders of the Crimean Khanate and Turkey. Since the beginning of the 30s of the 18th century, the movement of the Ukrainian population has increased in size, as a result of which the number of the entire region has increased to ten thousand people.

After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. colonization processes began to be observed by immigrants from neighboring Little Russia and Right-Bank Ukraine.

 In the 40s of the 18th century, state peasants began to develop the territory of the Novorossiysk Territory. In the 50s and early 60s, Novorossia, as before, was assimilated through a popular, free resettlement movement, since no resettlements organized by the authorities were observed, colonization was completely free-national.

In the 70s and 90s of the 18th century, the vast land areas of the black earth region were divided into state and landowners. The population colonizing the black earth expanses of Novorossiya was divided into free settlers who lived on state lands and landlord peasants. Free-folk colonization was replaced by landlord colonization. The resettlement policy of tsarism made it possible for the middle and wealthy landowners to organize strong farms on the lands inhabited, giving all the poorest peasantry to their tenacious embrace. But, despite the actions taken by the landowners, only a small part of the black earth lands was plowed up and used by landowners [1].

The landowners retained the main land holdings until the abolition of serfdom, this was the reason for the delay in the development of the Novorossiysk Territory. The state artificially created a large landowner landholding, which had never been before on the fertile spacious steppes of Novorossiya.

If these lands were not distributed to the landowners, but presented for settlement to the state peasants, then the expanses of Novorossiya would, perhaps, be settled much faster and more successfully. It was landlord ownership that became an insurmountable brake on the further development of the region. The landowners did not have the opportunity for the mass transfer of peasants here from the internal provinces of the country, and the free peasantry did not want to go into bondage to the landowners.

In new places, the fugitives were often awaited by new landowners, as was the case in Novorossiya. In this respect, other inhabited regions of Russia - the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals, Siberia and other southeastern provinces of Russia were preferable for the fugitive landowners and state peasants for settling, because landlord landownership did not take such deep roots there. From this we can conclude that feudal-serf relations played a negative role in the development of Novorossia [2].

Tsarism, realizing the need for accelerated development of the region, stopped distributing land to landowners at the turn of the 19th century, but by that time almost nothing remained of the state lands. According to a number of decrees, the tsarist government decided to officially allow the settlement of Novorossiya by immigrants from the inner provinces. As a result of the large influx of population, 32 settlements arise (15 state and 17 landowners). This suggests that along with the so-called landlord colonization, state colonization also spread. But, since the 20s of the XIX century the flow of intensive settlement of Novorossiya stopped due to the huge landowners' land tenure. In the 30-40s of the XIX, Novorossiya does not belong to the number of actively populated regions of the country.

Simultaneously with unsuccessful agricultural processes, the state is engaged in urban planning, performing one of the important colonization functions. The first cities, to which about a third of the total population of the region lived, are rapidly beginning to appear: Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Nikolaev, Odessa, etc. The rapid growth of cities in the Novorossiysk Territory is explained by the benefits provided by the state to the population.

From the beginning of the 16th to the first half of the 19th century, thanks to the Russian state and the autocratic efforts of the unauthorized resettlement movement of the Zaporozhians, immigrants from the right-bank Little Russia and the left-bank Ukraine, fugitive peasants, schismatics, retired soldiers, serfs and state peasants living in the territory of Novorossiya, this land in a short time from a deserted and almost uninhabited region, turned into an area with a significant population, developed animal husbandry and agriculture. If initially 3.5 thousand people lived on the entire territory of Novorossia, then in the 50s of the XIX century. there were already more than 1 million souls [3].

References:

1. Kabuzan, V.M. Settlement of Novorossia (Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces) in the 18th - first half of the 19th century (1719-1858) / V.M. Cabuzan: ed. L.G. Bloodless; Institute of History of the USSR, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (M.). - M.: Nauka, 1976.S. - 118.
2. Ibid. S. - 262.
3. Ibid. S. - 268.
4. Myshetsky, S.I. The story of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, how these were conceived from ancient times, and where they came from, and in what condition they are now, composed from the engineering team: Izd. from the list stored in the library book. Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov, Odessa. about history and antiquities / [Engineer-second lieutenant of the book. Semyon Ivanovich Myshetsky]. - Odessa: Mountains. type., 1851.S. - 81.