ASYNDETIC COMPOSITE SENTENCES WITH ADVERSATIVE RELATIONS IN ARMENIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
ASYNDETIC COMPOSITE SENTENCES WITH ADVERSATIVE RELATIONS IN ARMENIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Susanna Harutyunyan
Postgraduate student, Yerevan State University,
Armenia, Yerevan
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to the study of proverbs and sayings in asyndetic composite sentences in the Armenian language, which express adversative relations.
Keywords: proverb; saying; composite sentence; asyndetic composite sentence; the Armenian language; adversative relations; comparative-adversative relations.
Proverbs and sayings are ready-made expressions of speech and are included in a number of phraseological turns. “Proverbs, sayings, winged words and expressions, especially with their stylistic shades and expressiveness, - notes the Armenian linguist L. Yezekyan, - we must classify these as phraseological turns, look at them as phraseological expressions that are not only inseparable from a semantic point of view, but also consist of component words that have a free meaning" [6, p. 203].
The proverbs are allegorical. The use of proverbs makes it possible to express desires and thoughts without even clarifying intentions. Proverbs differ from sayings in that they simply express a thought and do not have an allegorical character.
The purpose of this article is to study asyndetic composite sentences in proverbs and sayings of the Armenian language which express adversative relations. The material for the study was about five hundred proverbs and sayings. The examples are taken from the book of Ganalanyan A.T., “Aratsani” [3].
“Asyndeton", writes the Armenian linguist G. Sevak, is such a connection of sentences that are part of a composite sentence when they appear without conjunctions or pronouns that act as conjunctions. [7, p. 100] .
“Composite sentences expressing adversative relations are such sentences,” notes the Armenian linguist G. Gareginyan, in which two opposite facts, realities, judgments are combined and contrasted” [4, p. 51].
Asyndetic composite sentences are very common in proverbs and sayings, because “oral speech has such a rich way of expressing syntactic relations as intonation” [1, p. 612].
In structures expressing adversative relations, we have repeatedly encountered constructions expressing comparative- adversative relations.
According to G. Gareginyan, “in structures expressing comparative-adversative relations, such facts are listed and combined, which from a certain point of view are different and contradictory, but do not deny or limit each other” [4, p. 52].
In proverbs and sayings, the most common means is the expression of comparative-adversative relations, which creates a special rhythmic melody.
Let's give examples expressing parallel adversative relations.
«Անուշ հոտը վարդից կուզեն, մարդկությունը մարդից կուզեն» (3, p. 157)։ «Բանը՝ արևի շողով, քունը՝ աստղերի ցողով» (3, p. 144)։
Comparative-adversative relations in proverbs and sayings can also be expressed by positive and negative conjugations of predicates. Let's give examples.
«Մարոն հավանեց Կարոյին, Կարոն չհավանեց Մարոյին» (3, p. 19)։ «Ես ագռավին հավանեցի, ագռավն ինձ չհավանեց» (3, p. 19)։
The use of antonyms is especially important in proverbs and sayings expressing adversative relations. “Antonyms,” writes the Armenian linguist L. Ezekyan, are words and expressions expressing adversative meanings that are used in speech for different purposes, in different stylistic shades” [6, p. 104].
In Armenian, antonyms are absolute and negative. According to L. Ezekyan, “absolute antonyms express logically opposite concepts, and one of the components included in negative antonyms denies the presence of a feature shown by another component” [6, p. 104]. In Armenian, negative antonyms are formed by the prefixes ան, ապ, դժ, տ, չ. In our research, we encountered many PS that formed antonymous pairs using the above prefixes. Here are some examples․
«Մարդը սխալական է, Աստված՝ անսխալական» (5, p. 49)։ «Խաղի մեջ երջանիկ, սիրո մեջ դժբախտ» (5, p. 140)։ «Մեկ կարգվողն է փոշմանել, մեկ չկարգվողը» (5, p. 38)։
The Armenian linguist E. Aghayan notes that "the first of the mentioned pairs are positive poles, that is, they show that they are endowed with a given feature, and the second ones show the absence of this feature, and not a feature that is opposite to the first" [2, p. 354 ].
In the Armenian language, antonyms are also heterogeneous and one-root. Different root antonyms are formed from different roots.
In the course of our research, we repeatedly met a lot of proverbs and sayings containing different roots. We give examples containing different root antonyms.
«Դրսից հուրի փերի, ներսից փտած գարի» (5, p. 16)։ «Ահելի աչքով աղջիկ առ, ջահելի աչքով՝ ձի» (3, p. 70)։
There are also many one-root antonyms in proverbs and sayings. In one-root antonyms there is one common root. Let us give examples containing one-root antonyms.
«Խաղի մեջ հաջողակ, սիրո մեջ անհաջողակ» (5, p. 69)։ «Հաշտությունը սնում, անհաշտությունը ջլատում» (5, p. 56)։
During our research, we encountered such proverbs and sayings in which comparison and opposite were used together. Let's give an example.
«Մարթս ժամանակին է մնում, ժամանակը մարթուս չի մնում» (ԱՂԱ, 134)։
In proverbs and sayings, order of parts plays a particularly important role, which determines the dependence of one sentence on another. Proverbs and sayings are especially characterized by the sequential order of the components of a composite sentence, conjoined by asyndeton, so that their structure is disturbed by the movement of the components.
Thus, the use of adversative relations is one of the most useful and practical means in PS, as it gives expression to the speech, due to which the speech becomes emotional, expressive and impressive.
References:
- Abrahamyan S.G., Parnasyan N.A., Oganyan G.A., Badikyan H.G. Modern Armenian language. v. 3, Syntax, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, Yerevan, 1976, 856 pages.
- Agayan E.B. Fundamentals of linguistics. Yerevan University Press, Yerevan, 1987, 736 pages.
- Ganalanyan A.T., Aratsani, Yerevan, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960, 396 pages.
- Gareginyan G.L. Modern Armenian language / Complex sentence / Yerevan, Yerevan University Press, 1991, 432 pages.
- German - Armenian Aratsani, Compilers K․ N․ Aghaekyan, A. M. Tonoyan R ․ A. Ishkhanyan, Yerevan, Yerevan University Press, 1988, 170 pages.
- Ezekyan L.K. Armenian language. Yerevan, Yerevan University Press, 2005, 402 pages.
- Sevak G. Syntax of the Armenian language, textbook for grades 7-8 of a general education school, Yerevan, Luys Publishing House, 1978, 152 pages.