THE CURRENT STATE OF THE NATURAL FOCALITY OF TULAREMIA IN THE TERRITORY OF THE PAVLODAR REGION
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE NATURAL FOCALITY OF TULAREMIA IN THE TERRITORY OF THE PAVLODAR REGION
Madina Abdualiyeva
student, Non-profit Joint Stock Company “Toraighyrov University”,
Kazakhstan, Pavlodar
Rimma Ualiyeva
PhD, associate professor, Non-profit Joint Stock Company “Toraighyrov University”,
Kazakhstan, Pavlodar
Roza Akyltaeva
a zoologist, PWG on PCTs “National Centre of expertise” of the CSEC MH RK, for the Pavlodar region,
Kazakhstan, Pavlodar
Anuar Alshin
head of the Bayanaul regional branch PWG on PCTs “National Centre of expertise” of the CSEC MH RK, for the Pavlodar region
Kazakhstan, Pavlodar
Natural focal infections continue to be one of the urgent problems in the system of epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases [1-2]. Currently, in Kazakhstan, natural foci of tularemia occupy 54 % of the total area (1,3 million km2), have a fairly high epidemic potential, in recent years there has been a significant activation of epizootic processes in them, which, if the level of anti- tularemia measures is weakened, can lead to severe epidemiological complications [3].
The article provides an analysis of the state of natural focality of tularemia in the Pavlodar region. The purpose of the study is to study the modern spatial and biocenotic structure of natural foci of tularemia in the Pavlodar region in order to improve epidemiological surveillance and epizootological monitoring of tularemia.
The collection of field material in various landscape- geographical zones was carried out from April to November 2021. Data on the abundance of small mammals were obtained by counting on the Gero crushers. During the study period, 9830 psc. trap/ day, 933 specimens of small mammals were caught, which accounted for 9,49 % of the catch: including rodents – 9,06 %, insectivores – 0,43%, more than 18 thousand specimens of ixodid ticks were collected and studied for the flag. The catches mainly included Myodes rutilus (Pallas , 1779) and Microtus gregalis (Pall., 1779) (Figure 1). Epizootological monitoring of the natural focus of tularemia was carried out in accordance with the instructive and methodological documents [4].
933 animals were examined for tularemia in the reactions of RNAT and RPHA, 502 samples of pellets and excrement of birds of prey were examined, grain fodder – 110 samples, nesting material– 7 samples, water – 33 (Table 1).
Figure 1. Monitoring of small mammals in 2021
In most of the region, the epizootic situation for tularemia was calm and stable, but it still remains tense in the situation on the territory of the Maisky district and the Akkula district.
The causative agent Francisella tularensis was isolated and antigens of tularemia microbes were detected in 5 settlements (Table 2).
Table 1.
Monitoring of the epizootic situation of tularemia in Pavlodar region for 2021
Table 2.
Selected cultures of Fr. tularensis in 2021
|
№ s/n |
№ t/n |
Administrative region, locality |
Material under study |
Number of crops |
Tularemia (serological reactions) RNAT, RPHA |
|
Akkuly district |
|||||
|
|
722 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
- |
1:40 |
|
|
728 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:20 |
|
|
729 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:40 |
|
|
730 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:80 |
|
|
731 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:80 |
|
|
732 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:80 |
|
|
733 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:40 |
|
|
734 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
- |
|
|
735 |
Shoka village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
- |
|
|
738 |
from the village of Malykbay 5 km |
D. reticulatus |
Fr. tularensis |
- |
|
|
740 |
from the village of Malykbay 5 km |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
- |
|
|
741 |
from the village of Malykbay 5 km |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:40 |
|
|
742 |
from the village of Malykbay 5 km |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
- |
|
|
743 |
from the village of Malykbay 5 km |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:40 |
|
|
746 |
Kazy village |
D. reticulatus |
Fr. tularensis |
- |
|
Maisky district |
|||||
|
|
773 |
Zhumysker village |
A. uralensis |
- |
1:40 |
|
|
774 |
Zhumysker village |
S. alpinus |
- |
1:40 |
|
|
787 |
Bozsha village |
M. gregalis |
- |
1:40 |
|
|
788 |
Bozsha village |
S. araneus |
- |
1:40 |
|
|
766 |
Zhumysker village |
H. concinna |
Fr. tularensis |
1:40
|
|
Total: |
|
15 |
14 |
||
The epidemiological situation of tularemia in the Pavlodar region remains favorable, and natural foci in the next epidemiological season will be inactive. This may be evidenced by the absence of registered cases of tularemia among people during the analyzed period.
However, in settlements with an average and high number of rodents, diseases of people are possible when in contact with environmental objects, thus, the peak of the incidence among people is accompanied by a peak in the population of rodents and other carriers of the disease in the region. It is also worth noting that early snowmelt and stable warm weather in early spring can contribute to the early awakening of ticks and an increase in the number of arthropods, which are the main carriers of the infection.
References:
- Ellis J., Oyston P., Titball M., Titball R. Tularemia // Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Oct; 15(4): 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.4.631-646.2002
- Boyce J. M. Recent trends in the epidemiology of tularemia in the United States // J Infect Dis. 1975 Feb;131(2):197-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/131.2.197
- Ibraikulova Zh. S. Epidemiological surveillance of tularemia in modern conditions: Abstract, dissertation of a candidate of medical sciences. – Almaty 2002. – 17.
- The procedure for organizing and conducting laboratory diagnostics of tularemia for laboratories of the territorial, regional and federal levels: Guidelines. – M.: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2012. – 59.